鈣果苗基地品種有3號(hào)，4號(hào)，5號(hào)，6號(hào)，7號(hào)，8號(hào)，9號(hào)，10鈣果苗!出售1-2-3年鈣果苗500萬棵 山西鈣果苗批發(fā)基地

   鈣果苗就是歐李（學(xué)名：Cerasus humilis (Bge.) Sok.）：因果實(shí)含鈣高又稱高鈣果。灌木，高0.4-1.5米。小枝灰褐色或棕褐色，被短柔毛。冬芽卵形，疏被短柔毛或幾無毛。葉片倒卵狀長(zhǎng)橢圓形或倒卵狀披針形，上面深綠色，無毛，下面淺綠色，無毛或被稀疏短柔毛，側(cè)脈6-8對(duì)。花單生或2-3花簇生，花葉同開；花瓣白色或粉紅色，長(zhǎng)圓形或倒卵形；雄蕊30-35枚。核果成熟后近球形，紅色或紫紅色，直徑1.5-1.8厘米；核表面除背部?jī)蓚?cè)外無棱紋?；ㄆ?-5月，果期6-10月。

生于陽(yáng)坡砂地、山地灌叢中，或庭園栽培，海拔100-1800米。產(chǎn)中國(guó)黑龍江、吉林、遼寧、內(nèi)蒙古、河北、山東、河南。

種仁入藥，有利尿、緩下作用，主治大便燥結(jié)、小便不利。果實(shí)酸甜可口，風(fēng)味獨(dú)特，營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富，其鈣和鐵的含量為水果之。 每100克果肉中含鈣360 毫克、鐵58毫克。

（概述圖片參考資料來源： [1]cript/UEeditor/themes/default/images/anchor.gif") left center no-repeat scroll transparent; cursor: auto; display: inline-block; height: 16px; width: 15px; color: rgb(19, 110, 194); position: relative; top: -50px; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;" alt="" />  ）

• 中文學(xué)名

• 歐李

• 拉丁學(xué)名

• Cerasus humilis (Bge.) Sok.

• 別    稱

• 鈣果、高鈣果、烏拉奈、酸丁

• 界

• 植物界

• 門

• 被子植物門

• 綱

• 雙子葉植物綱

• 亞    綱

• 原始花被亞綱

• 目

• 薔薇目

• 亞    目

• 薔薇亞目

• 科

• 薔薇科

• 亞    科

• 李亞科

• 屬

• 櫻屬

• 種

• 歐李

• 命名者及年代

• Sok., 1954

目錄

1. 1 形態(tài)特征

2. 2 產(chǎn)地生境

3. 3 生長(zhǎng)習(xí)性

4. 4 繁殖方式

5. ? 播種

6. ? 扦插

7. ? 分蘗

8. ? 嫁接

9. 5 栽培技術(shù)

10. ? 選地整地

11. ? 栽植時(shí)間

12. ? 植株行距

13. ? 澆水施肥

14. ? 修剪苗木

15. ? 疏枝疏果

16. 6 病蟲防治

17. ? 蚜蟲類

18. ? 多毛小蠹

19. ? 春尺蠖

20. ? 楊夢(mèng)尼夜蛾

21. ? 白星花金龜

22. ? 紅蝽和葉蟬

23. ? 病害及雜草

24. ? 防治措施

25. 7 主要用途

26. ? 經(jīng)濟(jì)

27. ? 醫(yī)藥

28. ? 食用

29. ? 綠化

30. ? 固土

31. ? 飼料

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形態(tài)特征

編輯

歐李(7張)

歐李是灌木植物，高0.4-1.5米。小枝灰褐色或棕褐色，被短柔毛。冬芽卵形，疏被短柔毛或幾無毛。葉片倒卵狀長(zhǎng)橢圓形或倒卵狀披針形，長(zhǎng)2.5-5厘米，寬1-2厘米，中部以上寬，先端急尖或短漸尖，基部楔形，邊有單鋸齒或重鋸齒，上面深綠色，無毛，下面淺綠色，無毛或被稀疏短柔毛，側(cè)脈6-8對(duì)；葉柄長(zhǎng)2-4毫米，無毛或被稀疏短柔毛；托葉線形，長(zhǎng)5-6毫米，邊有腺體。 [2]cript/UEeditor/themes/default/images/anchor.gif") left center no-repeat scroll transparent; cursor: auto; display: inline-block; height: 16px; width: 15px; color: rgb(19, 110, 194); position: relative; top: -50px; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;" alt="" /> 

花單生或2-3花簇生，花葉同開；花梗長(zhǎng)5-10毫米，被稀疏短柔毛；萼筒長(zhǎng)寬近相等，約3毫米，外面被稀疏柔毛，萼片三角卵圓形，先端急尖或圓鈍；花瓣白色或粉紅色，長(zhǎng)圓形或倒卵形；雄蕊30-35枚；花柱與雄蕊近等長(zhǎng)，無毛。

核果成熟后近球形，紅色或紫紅色，直徑1.5-1.8厘米；核表面除背部?jī)蓚?cè)外無棱紋?；ㄆ?-5月，果期6-10月。 [2]cript/UEeditor/themes/default/images/anchor.gif") left center no-repeat scroll transparent; cursor: auto; display: inline-block; height: 16px; width: 15px; color: rgb(19, 110, 194); position: relative; top: -50px; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;" alt="" /> 

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產(chǎn)地生境

編輯

產(chǎn)中國(guó)黑龍江、吉林、遼寧、內(nèi)蒙古、河北、山東、河南。生于陽(yáng)坡砂地、山地灌叢中，或庭園栽培，海拔100-1800米。歐李一般在變化較大的垂直高大山脈和背陰坡分布很少或沒有，而緩坡、丘陵區(qū)、梯田向陽(yáng)面分布多。分布與海拔高度無明顯差異，一般海拔300-1800米年的地方均有分布。 [2]cript/UEeditor/themes/default/images/anchor.gif") left center no-repeat scroll transparent; cursor: auto; display: inline-block; height: 16px; width: 15px; color: rgb(19, 110, 194); position: relative; top: -50px; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;" alt="" /> 

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生長(zhǎng)習(xí)性

編輯

歐李具有特殊的抗旱本領(lǐng)，適合干旱地區(qū)種植。旱時(shí)能避旱，雨季能蓄積水。

鈣果(5張)

 在干旱的春季，歐李不僅葉片含水量較高，而且保水力強(qiáng)。歐李葉片小而厚，雖然氣孔密度大，但氣孔小，水分散失的少。在干旱季節(jié)地上部生長(zhǎng)速度減緩，土壤植株基部產(chǎn)生多量基生芽，這些芽不萌發(fā)，一旦遇到降雨時(shí)基生芽可形成地下莖在土壤中伸長(zhǎng)，形成根狀莖或萌出地表形成新的植株。這種生理特點(diǎn)是歐李抗旱的內(nèi)在因素。 [3]cript/UEeditor/themes/default/images/anchor.gif") left center no-repeat scroll transparent; cursor: auto; display: inline-block; height: 16px; width: 15px; color: rgb(19, 110, 194); position: relative; top: -50px; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;" alt="" /> 

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繁殖方式

編輯

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播種

采集成熟果實(shí)，調(diào)制出種子涼干，在陰涼通風(fēng)處貯藏。元旦前后進(jìn)行層積處理：于背陰處挖深、寬各1m，長(zhǎng)度隨種子多少而定的貯藏溝。選用大河沙，河沙的濕度以手握成團(tuán)扔之即散為好，底部鋪20cm的河沙，然后一層河沙一層種子，距地面20cm時(shí)全部用河沙封平，然后用土封成高于地面20cm的土堆，種子多時(shí)每隔一米豎一草把，以利通氣，天冷時(shí)應(yīng)蓋上草氈。3月初當(dāng)種子有15%破殼露芽時(shí)即可播種。采用穴播，行距40cm，株距15cm，每穴3粒，覆土3-4cm然后用地膜進(jìn)行覆蓋，出苗率可達(dá)85%以上。 [3]cript/UEeditor/themes/default/images/anchor.gif") left center no-repeat scroll transparent; cursor: auto; display: inline-block; height: 16px; width: 15px; color: rgb(19, 110, 194); position: relative; top: -50px; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;" alt="" /> 

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扦插

育苗于5月上旬選擇優(yōu)良單株，采集當(dāng)年生半木質(zhì)化粗度在0.4cm以上的插條，長(zhǎng)度8-10cm，上面平口，下面斜口，采后立即去葉，只留上部1-2片小葉，立即插入清水中放陰涼處。為提高生根率，可用生根粉浸泡基部20分鐘。選用干凈的河沙作基質(zhì)，厚度20cm，上蓋塑料布和遮陽(yáng)網(wǎng)，扦插株行距5-8cm，插時(shí)先用稍粗于插條的小棍插孔，再插入插條，然后壅嚴(yán)。插完后及時(shí)澆透水并進(jìn)行葉面噴水，每天噴水3-5次，保持葉片不失水。插后每3天噴1次0.2%的多菌靈或甲基托布津預(yù)防病害，這樣經(jīng)過15-20天就可生根。生根半個(gè)月后經(jīng)煉苗，選擇陰天的傍晚移栽至苗圃，前期噴0.3%的尿素，后期噴0.3%磷酸二氫鉀，精心管理，當(dāng)年可長(zhǎng)30-40cm，次年即可開花。 [3]cript/UEeditor/themes/default/images/anchor.gif") left center no-repeat scroll transparent; cursor: auto; display: inline-block; height: 16px; width: 15px; color: rgb(19, 110, 194); position: relative; top: -50px; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;" alt="" /> 

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分蘗

在落葉后至發(fā)芽前均可進(jìn)行。于冬初挖取0.5-1cm粗的根，剪成15-18cm長(zhǎng)，50根一捆，系上品種標(biāo)簽，進(jìn)行沙藏，翌年2月下旬至3月上旬進(jìn)行埋根，株行距15-35cm，上端與地面平，埋后澆透水然后蓋地膜，可增溫保濕，提高出苗率、成苗率。歐李根蘗苗多，可于春季芽萌動(dòng)前挖出根蘗苗歸圃。 [3]cript/UEeditor/themes/default/images/anchor.gif") left center no-repeat scroll transparent; cursor: auto; display: inline-block; height: 16px; width: 15px; color: rgb(19, 110, 194); position: relative; top: -50px; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;" alt="" /> 

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嫁接

歐李生長(zhǎng)慢，枝條細(xì)，嫁接多采用生長(zhǎng)一年的苗子，于早春采用枝接法。對(duì)于劣質(zhì)品種也可于春季采用枝接法改接優(yōu)良品種。 [3]cript/UEeditor/themes/default/images/anchor.gif") left center no-repeat scroll transparent; cursor: auto; display: inline-block; height: 16px; width: 15px; color: rgb(19, 110, 194); position: relative; top: -50px; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;" alt="" /> 

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栽培技術(shù)

編輯

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選地整地

荒山造林可選擇陽(yáng)坡、半陽(yáng)坡、坡度較緩、上層較厚 的山坡地。采用水平階整地,階寬1米，深度0.5米，長(zhǎng)度隨山勢(shì)而定，里低外高，草皮覆于埂沿?cái)r截雨水。大田建園一般地塊即可，但有灌溉 條件。也可在喬木果樹行間、梯田地邊栽種。栽前深翻1次，多施有機(jī)肥。平地、坡地可單獨(dú)建園，地埂、田邊也可種植，在通風(fēng)透光較好的喬木果樹行間也可間作。平地可整成埂寬0.3米、畦寬1.2米的小畦。坡地可按等高線深翻筑埂，埂高埂寬可依坡度不同靈活掌握，等高線間距以1.0-1.5米為宜，平地深翻前要將有機(jī)肥、磷肥平鋪于地表，翻地時(shí)注意將糞塊、土塊打碎，將兩者混合均勻，深度可掌握在40cm左右。坡地按等高線施肥挖壕深翻時(shí)，一定注意用深層土做埂，且要把埂踩實(shí)做堅(jiān)，以減少地表徑流和保證長(zhǎng)期蓄水。在坡地栽植，選半陽(yáng)坡和陽(yáng)坡地塊。 [3]cript/UEeditor/themes/default/images/anchor.gif") left center no-repeat scroll transparent; cursor: auto; display: inline-block; height: 16px; width: 15px; color: rgb(19, 110, 194); position: relative; top: -50px; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;" alt="" /> 

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栽植時(shí)間

時(shí)間好在秋季歐李落葉后至土壤封凍前進(jìn)行，也可在春季上壤解凍后至芽萌動(dòng)前，裸根苗可在春、秋兩季栽植。春栽，好在春季芽未膨大前栽植，北方地區(qū)一般為3月上旬栽。營(yíng)養(yǎng)缽裝的綠體苗，在春、夏、秋三季均可栽植，但越早越好，秋栽晚時(shí)間，應(yīng)是能使苗子栽后還可再生長(zhǎng)一個(gè)月，這樣一般可保證小苗正常越冬。 [3]cript/UEeditor/themes/default/images/anchor.gif") left center no-repeat scroll transparent; cursor: auto; display: inline-block; height: 16px; width: 15px; color: rgb(19, 110, 194); position: relative; top: -50px; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;" alt="" /> 

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植株行距

平地可按0.5米×0.5米的密度定植。為充分利用土地、管理方便和更多早期收益。 [3]cript/UEeditor/themes/default/images/anchor.gif") left center no-repeat scroll transparent; cursor: auto; display: inline-block; height: 16px; width: 15px; color: rgb(19, 110, 194); position: relative; top: -50px; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;" alt="" /> 

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澆水施肥

歐李雖然抗旱耐瘠，但因產(chǎn)量大，有了充足的水肥才能保證歐李的高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)。因此在有條件的地方，澆水追肥還是十分必要的。一般每年追肥三次就行，分別在開花前、果實(shí)膨大期和采收后進(jìn)行。根施以果樹復(fù)合肥為好。并在肥料中加入5-10千克硫酸亞鐵（黑礬）。一般每次每畝60千克左右，采取順行溝施比撒施效果好，每次追肥應(yīng)結(jié)合澆水進(jìn)行。果實(shí)膨大后期還應(yīng)葉面追肥二次以上，葉面噴施可選用尿素、磷酸二氫鉀、有機(jī)鐵肥等，以彌補(bǔ)果實(shí)發(fā)育對(duì)養(yǎng)分的急需。澆水時(shí)間及次數(shù)可視土壤缺水情況而定，春季次數(shù)宜少每次需飽，這樣有利于提高地溫，花期好不要澆水，以防潮濕爛花。土地封凍前要澆好澆足封凍水，以利根系抗凍和減輕下一年早春的干旱。 [3]cript/UEeditor/themes/default/images/anchor.gif") left center no-repeat scroll transparent; cursor: auto; display: inline-block; height: 16px; width: 15px; color: rgb(19, 110, 194); position: relative; top: -50px; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;" alt="" /> 

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修剪苗木

栽后的苗木對(duì)地上部要適當(dāng)短剪，粗度小于l毫米以下的分枝徹底疏除，枝條長(zhǎng)于30cm的分枝短剪到25-30cm，苗木的主干一般保持30-40cm，上端大約有5-10cm的發(fā)育不充實(shí)區(qū)剪掉。地下部萌出的根芽一般在**年保留1個(gè)，離母株遠(yuǎn)一些，第2年保持l-2個(gè)，以后視主叢枝的發(fā)育情況定苗。主叢枝一般3-5年進(jìn)行徹底更新，新的主叢以新長(zhǎng)出的根孽為主進(jìn)行培養(yǎng)，結(jié)果枝可隨意結(jié)果，也可短剪到15-20cm，視枝條的粗度而定。 [3]cript/UEeditor/themes/default/images/anchor.gif") left center no-repeat scroll transparent; cursor: auto; display: inline-block; height: 16px; width: 15px; color: rgb(19, 110, 194); position: relative; top: -50px; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;" alt="" /> 

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疏枝疏果

對(duì)一年以上的大苗在早春要適當(dāng)短剪?；看侄刃∮?毫米的分枝應(yīng)全部徹底疏除，對(duì)過長(zhǎng)的分枝可短剪到30cm以下，苗木的主干一般保持30-40cm，上端大約5-10cm的枝條一般發(fā)育不充實(shí)應(yīng)剪除。地下部萌出的基生枝和根蘗前三年一般每年可保留1-2個(gè)，如果保留過多，原主叢枝便會(huì)很快衰弱。以后不保留或保留多少視前主叢枝的發(fā)育而定。以后每年對(duì)一些發(fā)育弱的上部枝要進(jìn)行更新修剪，對(duì)多年生的主桿可采取短剪回縮，使其達(dá)到單個(gè)株叢有根蘗和基生枝6-7個(gè)，一年生健壯分枝20-30個(gè)。為獲得較高的產(chǎn)量和較大的果子，一般每年每株可留200個(gè)左右果實(shí)，將其分布在3-4個(gè)基生枝、十幾個(gè)左右的分枝上。疏果時(shí)期可在果實(shí)長(zhǎng)到黃豆大小時(shí)進(jìn)行。 [3]cript/UEeditor/themes/default/images/anchor.gif") left center no-repeat scroll transparent; cursor: auto; display: inline-block; height: 16px; width: 15px; color: rgb(19, 110, 194); position: relative; top: -50px; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;" alt="" /> 

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病蟲防治

編輯

為害歐李的害蟲主要為同翅目蚜科（蚜蟲類），半翅目紅蝽科，同翅目葉蟬科，鞘翅目小蠹科（多毛小蠹），鞘翅目金龜甲科（白星花金龜），鱗翅目尺蛾科（春尺蠖）、夜蛾科（楊夢(mèng)尼夜蛾）、卷蛾科（食心蟲）等，少見病害發(fā)生。其中歐李開花期蚜蟲危害較重，被害率在70%以上，蟲情指數(shù)0.4-0.5；結(jié)果期以白星花金龜危害較重，被害率為8%，蟲情指數(shù)0.3。 [4]cript/UEeditor/themes/default/images/anchor.gif") left center no-repeat scroll transparent; cursor: auto; display: inline-block; height: 16px; width: 15px; color: rgb(19, 110, 194); position: relative; top: -50px; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;" alt="" /> 

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蚜蟲類

為害歐李的蚜蟲類害蟲主要有棉黑蚜、甘藍(lán)蚜、桃蚜、蘿卜蚜等。這幾種蚜蟲在歐李園混合發(fā)生，主要在歐李開花期發(fā)生較多，被害率在70%以上，蟲情指數(shù)為0.4-0.5。成蚜和若蚜集中于幼嫩的果枝、葉片下，造成葉面卷曲皺縮，嚴(yán)重時(shí)整株枯萎。蚜蟲為害期，果枝上也可見其天敵，如七星瓢蟲、麗草蛉、黑帶食蚜蠅、蚜繭蜂、蜘蛛等。 [4]cript/UEeditor/themes/default/images/anchor.gif") left center no-repeat scroll transparent; cursor: auto; display: inline-block; height: 16px; width: 15px; color: rgb(19, 110, 194); position: relative; top: -50px; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;" alt="" /> 

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多毛小蠹

會(huì)造成歐李枝梢萎蔫、葉片枯黃甚至落葉的現(xiàn)象，造成這種現(xiàn)象的原因是蠹蟲鉆蛀果枝所致。該蟲1年發(fā)生2代，世代重疊，9月下旬以老熟幼蟲越冬，越冬幼蟲于4月上旬開始化蛹，4月中旬達(dá)化蛹盛期，4月下旬開始羽化，5月上旬為羽化盛期，5月下旬為末期；成蟲以12:00-20:00出孔量多，占出孔總數(shù)的81.3%；成蟲無趨光性。代幼蟲于5月底6月初開始化蛹，7月上旬為羽化高峰，7月下旬羽化結(jié)束。 [4]cript/UEeditor/themes/default/images/anchor.gif") left center no-repeat scroll transparent; cursor: auto; display: inline-block; height: 16px; width: 15px; color: rgb(19, 110, 194); position: relative; top: -50px; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;" alt="" /> 

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春尺蠖

春尺蠖是早春害蟲，幼蟲主要為害果樹葉片，常暴食成災(zāi)，可將剛發(fā)芽的嫩葉及嫩芽全部吃光，對(duì)果樹林木生長(zhǎng)影響很大。該蟲1年發(fā)生1代，以蛹在樹冠下16-30cm深土壤中越夏并越冬，3月下旬為羽化盛期，4月中下旬為幼蟲暴食為害期，5月上中旬達(dá)化蛹盛期。春尺蠖是一種轉(zhuǎn)型滯育的害蟲，蛹在8月發(fā)育成熟，但直至次年早春才羽化出土。于5月上旬在歐李種植地進(jìn)行調(diào)查，春尺蠖4齡幼蟲和老熟幼蟲（未入土）為害率約為1%。 [4]cript/UEeditor/themes/default/images/anchor.gif") left center no-repeat scroll transparent; cursor: auto; display: inline-block; height: 16px; width: 15px; color: rgb(19, 110, 194); position: relative; top: -50px; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;" alt="" /> 

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楊夢(mèng)尼夜蛾

楊夢(mèng)尼夜蛾是春季樹木暴食蛀食葉片害蟲之一。幼蟲在4月下旬出現(xiàn)高峰期。楊夢(mèng)尼夜蛾1年發(fā)生1代，以蛹在土壤中越冬和越夏，翌年3月上旬成蟲羽化，4月中下旬是孵化高峰期，初孵化幼蟲有鉆蛀芽孢和幼果的習(xí)性，1個(gè)芽孢有時(shí)有6-7頭幼蟲為害。各齡期幼蟲基本都在葉片背面活動(dòng)，幼蟲期約1個(gè)月。5月中下旬幼蟲老熟，大多數(shù)沿著樹干下樹，在陰暗低洼較潮濕的土壤內(nèi)化蛹，入土深度一般5-7mm，蛹期長(zhǎng)達(dá)9個(gè)半月。成蟲趨光性很強(qiáng)。于5月上旬在歐李種植地進(jìn)行調(diào)查，發(fā)現(xiàn)楊夢(mèng)尼夜蛾老熟幼蟲為害率為0.8%。 [4]cript/UEeditor/themes/default/images/anchor.gif") left center no-repeat scroll transparent; cursor: auto; display: inline-block; height: 16px; width: 15px; color: rgb(19, 110, 194); position: relative; top: -50px; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;" alt="" /> 

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白星花金龜

白星花金龜為害期長(zhǎng)，1年發(fā)生1代，以中齡或近老熟幼蟲在土中越冬，成蟲5月上旬出現(xiàn)，6月底7月初至8月中旬是為害盛期。成蟲有聚集為害特點(diǎn)，常群集為害成熟的果實(shí)，也可在樹干或爛皮等處吸食汁液，樹干四周留存大量的分泌物，影響樹體生長(zhǎng)和美觀。7月中旬至8月中旬為歐李果實(shí)成熟期，白星花金龜對(duì)歐李果實(shí)的為害率為8%，蟲情指數(shù)0.3，個(gè)別地區(qū)該蟲發(fā)生較為嚴(yán)重，應(yīng)注意及時(shí)防治。 [4]cript/UEeditor/themes/default/images/anchor.gif") left center no-repeat scroll transparent; cursor: auto; display: inline-block; height: 16px; width: 15px; color: rgb(19, 110, 194); position: relative; top: -50px; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;" alt="" /> 

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紅蝽和葉蟬

成蟲和若蟲均以刺吸式口器吸吮歐李葉片及枝條，特別喜歡為害幼嫩的芽、葉片和花蕾；被害處呈黃白色斑點(diǎn)，葉片被害嚴(yán)重時(shí)干枯死亡；花及花蕾受害，造成萎蔫脫落。采集歐李果實(shí)時(shí)，可見食心蟲類害蟲零星發(fā)生。 [4]cript/UEeditor/themes/default/images/anchor.gif") left center no-repeat scroll transparent; cursor: auto; display: inline-block; height: 16px; width: 15px; color: rgb(19, 110, 194); position: relative; top: -50px; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;" alt="" /> 

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病害及雜草

歐李少見病害發(fā)生，偶有種植地塊發(fā)生過白粉病，但發(fā)生程度較輕。其他害蟲還有歐李種植地雜草種類多，生長(zhǎng)勢(shì)強(qiáng)，與歐李爭(zhēng)光、爭(zhēng)肥、爭(zhēng)水，同時(shí)造成通風(fēng)透光不良，也是造成田間害蟲種類多的原因之一，初步記載，雜草有灰藜、田旋花、蘆葦、狗尾草、稗、蒼耳、苦苣菜、車前、苣荬菜、野西瓜苗、苦豆子、蒺藜、反枝莧、匾蓄等。 [4]cript/UEeditor/themes/default/images/anchor.gif") left center no-repeat scroll transparent; cursor: auto; display: inline-block; height: 16px; width: 15px; color: rgb(19, 110, 194); position: relative; top: -50px; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;" alt="" /> 

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防治措施

歐李在新疆地區(qū)種植時(shí)間較短，總體來說病蟲害發(fā)生較輕、較少，但是還應(yīng)注意采取控制措施，預(yù)防或減少病蟲害發(fā)生，具體綜合防治措施如下。

1. 農(nóng)業(yè)防治：對(duì)引進(jìn)品種進(jìn)一步梳理，觀察病蟲類群在歐李不同品種間的適應(yīng)性表現(xiàn)，同時(shí)合理布局。當(dāng)前歐李種植區(qū)域多與其他作物插花種植，病蟲害種類多且復(fù)雜，特別要注意觀測(cè)害蟲食性的特化和泛化等的變化，避免出現(xiàn)次要害蟲上升為主要害蟲的現(xiàn)象和人為增加病蟲為害的情況。再者，加強(qiáng)歐李果樹的田間管理，合理水肥，及時(shí)疏枝疏果，清除有蟲枝條和老弱枝，增加通風(fēng)透光，增強(qiáng)歐李長(zhǎng)勢(shì)。第三，勤松土，適時(shí)除草，可以有效地減少雜草與歐李爭(zhēng)水、爭(zhēng)肥，同時(shí)要注意保留一定雜草帶，保證一定數(shù)量的天敵類群。 [4]cript/UEeditor/themes/default/images/anchor.gif") left center no-repeat scroll transparent; cursor: auto; display: inline-block; height: 16px; width: 15px; color: rgb(19, 110, 194); position: relative; top: -50px; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;" alt="" /> 

2. 物理防治：針對(duì)目前歐李種植園的害蟲發(fā)生情況，及時(shí)做好預(yù)防工作，積極開展物理措施進(jìn)行防控。秋末休眠、早春發(fā)芽前可采用堆沙法防治春尺蠖和楊夢(mèng)尼夜蛾，減少出土成蟲的種群數(shù)量；在歐李園周圍有大量溫室或大棚種植時(shí)，早春要消滅蚜蟲蟲源，待有翅蚜遷飛前期或初期（4月中旬）及時(shí)懸掛黃色粘蟲板進(jìn)行防治；果實(shí)成熟期防治白星花金龜，可采用糖醋誘殺液、毒餌誘殺、燈光誘殺，或進(jìn)行驅(qū)避，或人工捕捉。 [4]cript/UEeditor/themes/default/images/anchor.gif") left center no-repeat scroll transparent; cursor: auto; display: inline-block; height: 16px; width: 15px; color: rgb(19, 110, 194); position: relative; top: -50px; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;" alt="" /> 

3. 保護(hù)自然天敵：在歐李種植地塊，有較多自然天敵種類，應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)對(duì)自然天敵生物的保護(hù)和利用，充分發(fā)揮自然控制因素的作用。

4. 化學(xué)防治：根據(jù)歐李病蟲的實(shí)際發(fā)生情況，必要時(shí)實(shí)施農(nóng)藥防治。如目前在新疆歐李種植過程中，蚜蟲為害十分嚴(yán)重，超過敵蚜比，在5-6月，使用2.5%吡蟲啉可濕性粉劑2000倍液、3%啶蟲脒乳油1500倍液等藥劑噴藥防治，每隔7-10天噴1次藥，連噴2-3次即可。休眠期或發(fā)芽前，也可噴石硫合劑，均可減少其他病蟲的發(fā)生。注意結(jié)果期不適合藥劑防治。 [4]cript/UEeditor/themes/default/images/anchor.gif") left center no-repeat scroll transparent; cursor: auto; display: inline-block; height: 16px; width: 15px; color: rgb(19, 110, 194); position: relative; top: -50px; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;" alt="" /> 

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主要用途

編輯

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經(jīng)濟(jì)

歐李的生物類群和果實(shí)類型繁多，是寶貴的育種材料。由于歐李植株矮小，生長(zhǎng)快，結(jié)果能力強(qiáng)，可以作為"草地果園"栽培，利用地埂、邊角地栽種，效益非常好。也可以作為一般喬木果園間作種植，一般當(dāng)年就開花、結(jié)果，畝產(chǎn)可達(dá)100千克，第二年畝產(chǎn)可達(dá)300到500千克，第三年畝產(chǎn)可達(dá)1000到1500千克；歐李果的市場(chǎng)售價(jià)比較高，每千克達(dá)10到20元，每畝可收入可達(dá)數(shù)千元甚至上萬元。如果利用溫室栽培，可實(shí)現(xiàn)周年上市，效益更高。枝條可以編成各類手工藝品。 [3]cript/UEeditor/themes/default/images/anchor.gif") left center no-repeat scroll transparent; cursor: auto; display: inline-block; height: 16px; width: 15px; color: rgb(19, 110, 194); position: relative; top: -50px; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;" alt="" /> 

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醫(yī)藥

【蒙藥】烏拉柰，伯拉素：種子用于大便秘結(jié)，水腫，尿少《蒙藥》。

【朝藥】種子治小便不利，四肢浮腫《圖朝藥》。

種子（郁李仁）：辛、苦、甘，平。潤(rùn)燥滑腸，下氣，利水。用于津枯腸燥，食積氣滯，腹脹便秘，水腫，腳氣，小便淋痛。 [5]cript/UEeditor/themes/default/images/anchor.gif") left center no-repeat scroll transparent; cursor: auto; display: inline-block; height: 16px; width: 15px; color: rgb(19, 110, 194); position: relative; top: -50px; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;" alt="" /> 

藥用功能歐李是傳統(tǒng)中藥郁李仁的主要原植物，具有清熱、利水之功效，每千克售價(jià)近百元。郁李仁是一種常用中藥，已有2000多年的使用歷史。“郁李仁含李苷（Prunuside）、苦杏仁苷、脂肪油。性平，味辛、苦，能潤(rùn)腸通便、利尿消腫；用于大便秘結(jié)、小便不利、水腫。”歐李有利尿、緩瀉作用；郁李仁酊劑有顯著的降血壓作用；李苷有明顯的瀉下作用。歐李的根在民間偏方中用來治療靜脈曲張和脈管炎，有較好的治療作用。 [3]cript/UEeditor/themes/default/images/anchor.gif") left center no-repeat scroll transparent; cursor: auto; display: inline-block; height: 16px; width: 15px; color: rgb(19, 110, 194); position: relative; top: -50px; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;" alt="" /> 

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食用

歐李果實(shí)有紅色、黃色、紫色，鮮艷誘人，果味鮮美可口，是城市高檔果的選擇。歐李所含的鈣是天然活性鈣，易吸收，利用率高，是老人、兒童補(bǔ)鈣的果品。

歐李歷史上曾被作為貢品供給皇室享用。特別是鈣的含量居于所有水果之首。據(jù)測(cè)定，每100克歐李鮮果含蛋白質(zhì)1.5克，維生素C47克，鈣360毫克，鐵58毫克。歐李還富含糖、維生素B以及人體所必需的多種微量元素及17種氨基酸，果實(shí)可食率可達(dá)90%以上，出汁率80%左右，可溶性固形物為10%-15%。風(fēng)味酸甜，香氣濃郁，果實(shí)可以加工成果汁、果酒、果醋、果奶、罐頭，果脯等食品。 [3]cript/UEeditor/themes/default/images/anchor.gif") left center no-repeat scroll transparent; cursor: auto; display: inline-block; height: 16px; width: 15px; color: rgb(19, 110, 194); position: relative; top: -50px; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;" alt="" /> 

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綠化

歐李株叢小，花朵密集，十分美觀。利用不同花色的歐李，在庭院、公園、街道、高速公路兩旁等地栽植花壇或者花籬，能夠形成春天觀花、夏天賞葉、秋天品果的環(huán)境效果，給人以美不勝收的享受。用做觀賞植物栽培：歐李株叢矮，花團(tuán)錦簇，十分美觀?；ㄉ鄻?，花形與櫻花相似，花期相近，而且其灌木狀與喬木狀的櫻花可形成錯(cuò)落有致、相得益彰的觀賞效果，所以有人稱之為“中國(guó)櫻花”，用歐李作盆景，其株型緊湊，果實(shí)艷麗奪目，既可觀賞，也可食用，一舉兩得。園林可作為灌木花帶、灌木球配置。其適應(yīng)范圍廣，栽培成活率極高，是荒山綠化、城市園林綠化亟待推廣的灌木后起之秀。 [3]cript/UEeditor/themes/default/images/anchor.gif") left center no-repeat scroll transparent; cursor: auto; display: inline-block; height: 16px; width: 15px; color: rgb(19, 110, 194); position: relative; top: -50px; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;" alt="" /> 

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固土

歐李是一種極其抗旱抗病蟲的灌木樹種，適應(yīng)能力強(qiáng)，可耐-35℃低溫，有極強(qiáng)的固土保水作用。可以在平地、山坡地pH值8以下的地區(qū)種植，也可以在喬木果樹行間、梯田地邊種植。歐李是一種短平快綠化荒山、治理水土流失的的樹種，隨著在大西北、華北、東北等地區(qū)的推廣栽種，它必將會(huì)對(duì)中國(guó)的干旱地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)持續(xù)發(fā)展做出重要貢獻(xiàn)。 [3]cript/UEeditor/themes/default/images/anchor.gif") left center no-repeat scroll transparent; cursor: auto; display: inline-block; height: 16px; width: 15px; color: rgb(19, 110, 194); position: relative; top: -50px; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;" alt="" /> 

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飼料

歐李莖葉營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值高，不僅含有牛羊生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育所需要的糖、蛋白質(zhì)等一般營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)，更是牛羊骨骼發(fā)育的重要補(bǔ)鈣來源。開發(fā)歐李，可考慮與畜牧業(yè)結(jié)合以提高種植的綜合經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。茂盛的枝葉可為畜牧業(yè)發(fā)展提供良好優(yōu)質(zhì)飼草。自古以來，農(nóng)民就有用歐李飼養(yǎng)牛羊的習(xí)慣。同其它青草相比，牛羊食用后增重快。此外，歐李春季花多、花期長(zhǎng)，所以又是良好的蜜源，大面積栽種可產(chǎn)生更大的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。 [3]cript/UEeditor/themes/default/images/anchor.gif") left center no-repeat scroll transparent; cursor: auto; display: inline-block; height: 16px; width: 15px; color: rgb(19, 110, 194); position: relative; top: -50px; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;" alt="" />